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Autoimmune hepatitis

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2015年 第9卷 第2期   页码 187-219 doi: 10.1007/s11684-015-0386-y

摘要：

Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver disease putatively caused by loss of tolerance to hepatocyte-specific autoantigens. It is characterized by female predilection, elevated aminotransferase levels, autoantibodies, increased γ-globulin or IgG levels and biopsy evidence of interface hepatitis. It is currently divided into types 1 and 2, based on expression of autoantibodies. Autoantigenic epitopes have been identified only for the less frequent type 2. Although autoimmune hepatitis occurs in childhood, this review focuses on disease in adults. In the absence of pathognomonic biomarkers, diagnosis requires consideration of clinical, biochemical, serological and histological features, which have been codified into validated diagnostic scoring systems. Since many features also occur in other chronic liver diseases, these scoring systems aid evaluation of the differential diagnosis. New practice guidelines have redefined criteria for remission to include complete biochemical and histological normalization on immunosuppressive therapy. Immunosuppression is most often successful using prednisone or prednisolone and azathioprine; however, the combination of budesonide and azathioprine for non-cirrhotic patients offers distinct advantages. Patients failing standard immunosuppression are candidates for alternative immunosuppressive regimens, yet none of the options has been studied in a randomized, controlled trial. Overlap syndromes with either primary sclerosing cholangitis or primary biliary cirrhosis occur in a minority. Liver transplantation represents a life-saving option for patients presenting with acute liver failure, severely decompensated cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Transplant recipients are at risk for recurrent autoimmune hepatitis in the allograft, and de novo disease may occur in patients transplanted for other indications. Patients transplanted for AIH are also at risk for recurrent or de novo inflammatory bowel disease. Progress in our understanding of the immunopathogenesis should lead to identification of specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and new therapeutic strategies.

关键词： autoimmune hepatitis     autoantibodies     diagnosis     immunological diseases     drug-induced liver injury     therapy     immunosuppression     outcomes     hepatocellular carcinoma     liver transplantation    

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Experimental study on the efficacy of Fuganling granula on protecting against immunological hepatic injury

Yanli LIU, Rong LIU, Cheng ZHEN, Quanfang GUO, Liping WU, Zhaoxi DING, Yushun BI, Zhiyu LIU

《医学前沿（英文）》 2009年 第3卷 第1期   页码 91-95 doi: 10.1007/s11684-009-0011-z

摘要： To study the efficacy of Fuganling granula (FGL, 复肝灵颗粒) in treating mouse immunological hepatic injury that was caused by Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a total of 60 mice were adopted, among which, 50 mice were given intraperitoneal injection with BCG and LPS to establish an immunological liver injury model and then were randomly divided into 5 groups (10 mice/group): 4 groups received treatment of FGL orally at the doses of 100 mg/kg (high-dosage), 50 mg/kg (middle-dosage), 25 mg/kg (low-dosage) and bifendate orally at the dose of 80 mg/kg, respectively. One group was treated with distilled water orally. The remaining 10 mice were given distilled water intraperitoneally as the normal control group. The indices of thymus, liver and spleen, and the activities of the alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the serum were detected. Compared to the normal rat, the model group’s thymus index decreased significantly. The liver index and spleen index increased significantly. The activities of serum ALT and AST increased significantly (all < 0.01). Compared to the model control group, the group treated with FGL in high-dosage, middle-dosage or low-dosage can decrease the activities of ALT and AST and the group treated with FGL in high-dosage and middle-dosage can increase the thymus index significantly ( < 0.01). This experiment established the immunological liver injury model successfully and found that FGL has a remarkably protective effect on this kind of immunological hepatic injury.

关键词： Fuganling granula     immunological liver injury     bacille calmette guerin     lipopolysaccharide     mice    

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Emerging immunological strategies: recent advances and future directions

《医学前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第6期   页码 805-828 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0886-x

摘要： Immunotherapy plays a compelling role in cancer treatment and has already made remarkable progress. However, many patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors fail to achieve clinical benefits, and the response rates vary among tumor types. New approaches that promote anti-tumor immunity have recently been developed, such as small molecules, bispecific antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T cell products, and cancer vaccines. Small molecule drugs include agonists and inhibitors that can reach the intracellular or extracellular targets of immune cells participating in innate or adaptive immune pathways. Bispecific antibodies, which bind two different antigens or one antigen with two different epitopes, are of great interest. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell products and cancer vaccines have also been investigated. This review explores the recent progress and challenges of different forms of immunotherapy agents and provides an insight into future immunotherapeutic strategies.

关键词： cancer immunotherapy     bispecific antibodies     small molecules     chimeric antigen receptor T therapy     cancer vaccines    

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Immunological effects of nano-enabled hyperthermia for solid tumors: opportunity and challenge

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第3期   页码 333-344 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2059-5

摘要： Compared to conventional hyperthermia that is limited by low selectivity and severe side effects, nano-enabled hyperthermia yields great potentials to tackle these limitations for cancer treatment. Another major advance is the observation of immunological responses associated with nano-enabled hyperthermia, which introduces a new avenue, allowing a potential paradigm shift from the acutely effective and cytotoxicity-centric response to the next-phase discovery, i.e., long-lasting and/or systemic anti-tumor immunity. This perspective first discusses the temperature-gradient and the spatially-structured immunological landscape in solid tumors receiving nano-enabled hyperthermia. This includes the discussion about underlying mechanism such as immunogenic cell death, which initiates a profound immunological chain reaction. In order to propagate the immune activation as a viable therapeutic principle, we further discussed the tumor type-specific complexity in the immunological tumor microenvironment, including the creative design of nano-enabled combination therapy to synergize with nano-enabled hyperthermia.

关键词： nano-enabled hyperthermia     immunogenic cell death     heterogeneous immunological landscape     tumor microenvironment    

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Laparoscopic treatment of liver diseases in children

Jia Wei, Jiexiong Feng

《医学前沿（英文）》 2011年 第5卷 第4期   页码 388-394 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0165-3

摘要： Laparoscopic liver surgery has been increasingly used for the treatment of pediatric liver diseases over the past decade due to the development of special laparoscopic instruments and improvements in the technique. A number of factors are considered when electing to undergo the surgical process, including age, type of liver disease, and so on. Especially in children with liver masses, the number of trocars used and the position of their placement must be carefully designed to achieve successful outcomes. In the current review, the application of various laparoscopic instruments and the methods used for the laparoscopic treatment of liver diseases in children over the past decade are summarized.

关键词： laparoscopic surgery     liver mass     pediatric    

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Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in China

Jun-Jie XIAO MD, Yi-Han CHEN MD, PhD,

《医学前沿（英文）》 2010年 第4卷 第1期   页码 16-20 doi: 10.1007/s11684-010-0007-8

摘要： Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) cause one third of all deaths in China, and the number is anticipated to double by 2020. They also greatly result in disability and adjusted life year loss. The prevalence of CVD has become a new burden for China, due to an aging population, smoking, and changes in dietary habits and lifestyles. As the largest developing country, China needs to tailor her own national policies for managing CVD with full consideration of epidemiology, local needs, and affordability. Smoking cessation, increased physical activity, control of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, and maintenance of a “traditional Chinese” diet should be important strategies for reducing the burden of CVD in China. Health officials in China should take their responsibilities to implement educational and preventive measures seriously.

关键词： cardiovascular diseases     prevalence     China     risk factors     prevention    

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Cultural differences define diagnosis and genomic medicine practice: implications for undiagnosed diseases

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2013年 第7卷 第3期   页码 389-394 doi: 10.1007/s11684-013-0281-3

摘要：

Despite the current acceleration and increasing leadership of Chinese genetics research, genetics and its clinical application have largely been imported to China from the Occident. Neither genetics nor the scientific reductionism underpinning its clinical application is integral to the traditional Chinese worldview. Given that disease concepts and their incumbent diagnoses are historically derived and culturally meaningful, we hypothesize that the cultural expectations of genetic diagnoses and medical genetics practice differ between the Occident and China. Specifically, we suggest that an undiagnosed diseases program in China will differ from the recently established Undiagnosed Diseases Program at the United States National Institutes of Health; a culturally sensitive concept will integrate traditional Chinese understanding of disease with the scientific reductionism of Occidental medicine.

关键词： genetics     cultural differences     undiagnosed diseases program    

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Diagnosis and therapy of lacrimal system diseases by micro lacrimal endoscope

Nan XIANG, Weikun HU, Jing YUAN, Guigang LI, Haixia LIU

《医学前沿（英文）》 2009年 第3卷 第1期   页码 113-117 doi: 10.1007/s11684-009-0001-1

摘要： The lacrimal endoscope is applied to the diagnosis and therapy of the disorders of the lacrimal system in combination with laser or micro drills under orthophoria. The changes of mucous membranes, the characteristics of pathological changes and the predilection sites of lacrimal system diseases were initially approached. One hundred and forty six pairs of eyes of 128 patients with lacrimal system disease were observed by the lacrimal endoscope in the Ophthalmology Department of Tongji Hospital from June 2006 to March 2007. The dynamic changes in mucous membranes, lesion sites, secreted substances and formation of membrane could be observed under orthophoria. Combined with laser or micro drill, the endoscope was applied to the therapy of lacrimal system disorders and the difference before and after the treatment was observed. Results are as follows: (1) The examination and therapy using the lacrimal endoscope were completed under topical anesthesia in 122 patients, and 6 patients of neonatorum dacryocystitis were examined and treated under general anaesthesia. All patients reported painless. (2) Sharp images of the lacrimal system were obtained by the endoscope. Normal lacrimal mucosal membrane was smooth and light pink, expanded and unobstructed during irrigation. In chronic dacryocystitis patients, the inhomogeneous colour of mucosal membranes was red and white, with different degrees of fibrotic membranes at the superior, middle and inferior parts of the nasolacrimal canals and secreted substances at sac could be observed. The lacrimal ducts could not be expanded and obstructed during irrigation. The patients with lacrimal system obstruction had different extents of membrane formation, and stenosis or complete obstruction of the lacrimal duct could be observed, and the corresponding mucosal membrane was not smooth which could not be expanded and obstructed during irrigation. (3) After the treatment by the endoscope combined with laser or micro drill, the major proliferation of the membrane disappeared and the lacrimal duct was unobstructed during irrigation. The cure rate and effective rate were 80.1% and 93.1%, respectively. The lacrimal endoscope is a new method in the diagnosis of lacrimal system diseases. Through a combination with laser or micro drill to carry out the therapy under orthophoria, it will bring a great change to the diagnosis and therapy of lacrimal system diseases.

关键词： lacrimal apparatus diseases     endoscopes    

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Responses to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: One world, One health

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2018年 第12卷 第1期   页码 1-2 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0619-y

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国外重大慢性非传染性疾病防治对策研究

张祝琴,刘德培

《中国工程科学》 2017年 第19卷 第2期   页码 112-116 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.02.019

摘要：

重大慢性非传染性疾病包括心脑血管疾病、癌症、呼吸系统疾病、糖尿病等，其流行给全球居民健康造成了重大威胁。为进一步对慢性病进行有效预防控制，促进健康、推动经济和社会发展，2014年中国工程院立项并开展了“重大慢性非传染性疾病防治的国际对比研究”项目，对国内外慢性病预防控制情况以及可供我们借鉴的经验进行了详细分析。本文从慢性病发病概况入手，分析了各种疾病的预防控制措施，并对不同国家的慢性病预防控制体系进行比较，凝练有益经验和方法，提出了增强我国慢性病预防控制的措施和建议。

关键词： 慢性病     心脑血管疾病     癌症     呼吸系统疾病     糖尿病     疾病预防控制体系    

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of TCM: Epimedii Folium combined with Psoraleae Fructus induces idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity under immunological

Yuan Gao, Zhilei Wang, Jinfa Tang, Xiaoyi Liu, Wei Shi, Nan Qin, Xiaoyan Wang, Yu Pang, Ruisheng Li, Yaming Zhang, Jiabo Wang, Ming Niu, Zhaofang Bai, Xiaohe Xiao

《医学前沿（英文）》 2020年 第14卷 第1期   页码 68-80 doi: 10.1007/s11684-019-0690-z

摘要： Epimedii Folium (EF) combined with Psoraleae Fructus (PF) is a common modern preparation, but liver injury caused by Chinese patent medicine preparations containing EF and PF has been frequently reported in recent years. Zhuangguguanjiewan pills (ZGW), which contain EF and PF, could induce immune idiosyncratic liver injury according to clinical case reports and a nonhepatotoxic dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model. This present study evaluated the liver injury induced by EF or PF alone or in combination and investigated the related mechanism by using the LPS model. Liver function indexes and pathological results showed that either EF or PF alone or in combination led to liver injury in normal rats; however, EF or PF alone could lead to liver injury in LPS-treated rats. Moreover, EF combined with PF could induce a greater degree of injury than that caused by EF or PF alone in LPS-treated rats. Furthermore, EF or PF alone or in combination enhanced the LPS-stimulated inflammatory cytokine production, implying that IL-1 , which is processed and released by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome, is a specific indicator of EF-induced immune idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. Thus, EF may induce liver injury through enhancing the LPS-mediated proinflammatory cytokine production and activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, the metabolomics analysis results showed that PF affected more metabolites in glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolic pathways compared with EF in LPS model, suggesting that PF increased the responsiveness of the liver to LPS or other inflammatory mediators via modulation of multiple metabolic pathways. Therefore, EF and PF combination indicates traditional Chinese medicine incompatibility, considering that it induces idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity under immunological stress conditions.

关键词： Epimedii Folium     Psoraleae Fructus     idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity     traditional Chinese medicine incompatibility    

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Circulating microRNAs in cardiovascular diseases: from biomarkers to therapeutic targets

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2014年 第8卷 第4期   页码 404-418 doi: 10.1007/s11684-014-0379-2

摘要：

microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of conserved, short, non-coding RNAs that have important and potent capacities to regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. In the past several years, the aberrant expressions of miRNAs in the cardiovascular system have been widely reported, and the crucial roles of some special miRNAs in heart development and pathophysiology of various cardiovascular diseases have been gradually recognized. Recently, it was discovered that miRNAs are presented in peripheral circulation abundantly and stably. This has raised the possibility of using circulating miRNAs as biomarkers for diseases. Furthermore, some studies demonstrated that circulating miRNAs may serve as novel extracellular communicators of cell-cell communication. These discoveries not only reveal the functions of circulating miRNAs in cardiovascular system but also inform the development of miRNAs therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the potential roles of circulating miRNAs in a variety of cardiovascular diseases from biomarkers to therapeutic targets to clearly understand the roles of circulating miRNAs in cardiovascular system.

关键词： microRNA     cardiovascular disease     biomarkers     therapeutic target    

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The critical importance of epigenetics in autoimmune-related skin diseases

《医学前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第1期   页码 43-57 doi: 10.1007/s11684-022-0980-8

摘要： Autoimmune-related skin diseases are a group of disorders with diverse etiology and pathophysiology involved in autoimmunity. Genetics and environmental factors may contribute to the development of these autoimmune disorders. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of these disorders are poorly understood, environmental variables that induce aberrant epigenetic regulations may provide some insights. Epigenetics is the study of heritable mechanisms that regulate gene expression without changing DNA sequences. The most important epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNAs. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings regarding the function of epigenetic mechanisms in autoimmune-related skin disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus, bullous skin diseases, psoriasis, and systemic sclerosis. These findings will expand our understanding and highlight the possible clinical applications of precision epigenetics approaches.

关键词： epigenetics     autoimmune-related skin diseases     DNA methylation     histone modifications     noncoding RNAs    

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Trends of foodborne diseases in China: lessons from laboratory-based surveillance since 2011

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2018年 第12卷 第1期   页码 48-57 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0608-6

摘要：

Foodborne disease is one of the most important public health issues worldwide. China faces various and unprecedented challenges in all aspects of the food chain. Data from laboratory-based foodborne disease surveillance systems from 2013 to 2016, as well as different regions and ages, can be found along with differences in the patterns of pathogens detected with diverse characteristics. has been the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in China, especially among adults in coastal regions. has been a serious and widely distributed pathogen responsible for substantial socioeconomic burden. was mostly identified in Northwest China and the inland province (Henan) with less-developed regions among children under 5 years. Data from foodborne disease outbreak reporting system from 2011 to 2016 showed that poisonous animals and plant factors responsible for most deaths were poisonous mushrooms (54.7%) in remote districts in southwest regions. The biological hazard that caused most cases reported (42.3%) was attributed to the leading cause of foodborne outbreaks. In this review, we summarize the recent monitoring approach to foodborne diseases in China and compare the results with those in developed countries.

关键词： foodborne diseases     surveillance     TraNet     China    

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Cell therapy for the treatment of reproductive diseases and infertility: an overview from the mechanism

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第6期   页码 827-858 doi: 10.1007/s11684-022-0948-8

摘要： Infertility is experienced by 8%–12% of adults in their reproductive period globally and has become a prevalent concern. Besides routine therapeutic methods, stem cells are rapidly being examined as viable alternative therapies in regenerative medicine and translational investigation. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding the biology and purpose of stem cells. The affected pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are further studied for their possible use in reproductive medicine, particularly for infertility induced by premature ovarian insufficiency and azoospermia. Accordingly, this study discusses current developments in the use of some kinds of MSCs such as adipose-derived stem cells, bone marrow stromal cells, umbilical cord MSCs, and menstrual blood MSCs. These methods have been used to manage ovarian and uterine disorders, and each technique presents a novel method for the therapy of infertility.

关键词： infertility     stem cell therapy     mesenchymal stem cells     pluripotent stem cells    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Autoimmune hepatitis

null

期刊论文

Experimental study on the efficacy of Fuganling granula on protecting against immunological hepatic injury

Yanli LIU, Rong LIU, Cheng ZHEN, Quanfang GUO, Liping WU, Zhaoxi DING, Yushun BI, Zhiyu LIU

期刊论文

Emerging immunological strategies: recent advances and future directions

期刊论文

Immunological effects of nano-enabled hyperthermia for solid tumors: opportunity and challenge

期刊论文

Laparoscopic treatment of liver diseases in children

Jia Wei, Jiexiong Feng

期刊论文

Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in China

Jun-Jie XIAO MD, Yi-Han CHEN MD, PhD,

期刊论文

Cultural differences define diagnosis and genomic medicine practice: implications for undiagnosed diseases

null

期刊论文

Diagnosis and therapy of lacrimal system diseases by micro lacrimal endoscope

Nan XIANG, Weikun HU, Jing YUAN, Guigang LI, Haixia LIU

期刊论文

Responses to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: One world, One health

null

期刊论文

国外重大慢性非传染性疾病防治对策研究

张祝琴,刘德培

期刊论文

of TCM: Epimedii Folium combined with Psoraleae Fructus induces idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity under immunological

Yuan Gao, Zhilei Wang, Jinfa Tang, Xiaoyi Liu, Wei Shi, Nan Qin, Xiaoyan Wang, Yu Pang, Ruisheng Li, Yaming Zhang, Jiabo Wang, Ming Niu, Zhaofang Bai, Xiaohe Xiao

期刊论文

Circulating microRNAs in cardiovascular diseases: from biomarkers to therapeutic targets

null

期刊论文

The critical importance of epigenetics in autoimmune-related skin diseases

期刊论文

Trends of foodborne diseases in China: lessons from laboratory-based surveillance since 2011

null

期刊论文

Cell therapy for the treatment of reproductive diseases and infertility: an overview from the mechanism

期刊论文